Белое солнце пустыни / White Sun of the Desert

White Sun of the Desert (Russian: Белое солнце пустыни; Beloye solntse pustyni) (1970), a classic 'Eastern' or Ostern film of the Soviet Union.
The film is one of the most popular Russian films of all time. Its blend of action, comedy, music and drama, as well as memorable quotes, has made it wildly successful, and it has since achieved the status of a top cult film in Soviet and Russian culture. Its main theme song, "Your Honor Lady Luck" (Ваше благородие, госпожа Удача, music: Isaak Schwarz, lyrics: Bulat Okudzhava, performed by Pavel Luspekaev) became a hit. The film is ritually watched by cosmonauts before many space launches.
The setting is the east shore of the Caspian Sea (modern Turkmenistan) where the Red Army soldier Fyodor Sukhov has been fighting the Civil War in Russian Asia for a number of years. The movie opens with a panoramic shot of a bucolic Russian countryside. Katerina Matveyevna, Sukhov's beloved wife, is standing in a field. Awakening from this daydream, Sukhov is walking through the Central Asian desert – a stark contrast to his homeland.[2] He finds Sayid buried in the sand. Sayid, an austere Central Asian, will come to Sukhov's rescue in sticky situations throughout the movie. Sukhov frees Sayid, and they strike a friendly but reticent relationship. While traveling together they are caught up in a desert fight between a Red Army cavalry unit and Basmachi guerrillas. The cavalry unit commander, Rakhimov, leaves to Sukhov the harem, which was abandoned by the Basmachi leader Abdullah, for temporal protection. He also leaves a young Red Army soldier, Petrukha, to assist Sukhov with the task, and proceeds to pursue the fleeing Abdullah.
Sukhov and women from Abdullah's harem return to a nearby shore village. There, Sukhov charges the local museum's curator with protecting the women, and prepares to head home. Sukhov hopes to "modernize" the wives of the harem, and make them part of the modern society. He urges them to take off their burqa and reject polygamy. The wives are loath to do this, though, and as Sukhov takes on the role of protector, the wives declare him their new husband.
Soon, looking for a seaway across the border, Abdullah and his gang come to the same village and find Abdullah's wives. Sukhov is bound to stay. Hoping to obtain help and weapons, Sukhov and Petrukha visit Paul Vereschagin, a former Tsar's customs official. Vereschagin warms to Petrukha who reminds him of his dead son, but after discussing the matter with his nagging wife, Vereschagin refuses. Sukhov finds a machine gun and a case of dynamite that he plants on Abdullah's ship. Meanwhile, Abdullah has confronted his wives, and is preparing to punish them for their "dishonor", as they did not kill themselves when Abdullah left them. Sukhov manages to capture and lock Abdullah as a hostage, but after he leaves, Abdullah convinces Gyulchatai, the youngest wife of the harem, to free him and then kills Gyulchatai and Petrukha.
The museum curator shows Sukhov an ancient underground passage that leads to the sea. Sukhov and the women of the harem attempt to escape through the passage, but on arriving at the seashore they are impelled to hide in a large empty oil tank. Abdullah discovers that and plans on setting the oil tank on fire.
Enraged at the cold-hearted murder of Petrukha, Vereschagin decides to help Sukhov and takes Abdullah's ship. Sayid also helps Sukhov, and together they fend off Abdullah's gang. Vereschagin, unbeknownst of the dynamite on the ship and not hearing Sukhov's shouted warnings, tragically dies on the exploding ship.
Sukhov kills Abdullah and his gang, and returns the harem to Rakhimov. He then begins his journey home on foot, having refused a horse since a horse is merely "a nuisance".[3] Whether Sukhov will make it home to his beloved wife is unclear: the revolution is not over in Central Asia, and as an exemplary Red Army soldier like Sukhov may well be needed.
Anatoly Kuznetsov as Fyodor Ivanovich Sukhov – a Red Army soldier, who returns home on foot through the desert after recovering in a hospital from wounds sustained in the war. He shows much wisdom and skill in his actions and a gentle human side in his graphical dreams, in which he mentally writes letters to his beloved wife.
Georgi Yumatov was chosen for the role, but was dismissed for a drunken brawl right before the shooting. Therefore, Motyl called for Kuznetsov, who was the second choice during the selection.[4]Pavel Luspekaev as Pavel Vereschagin – a former Tsar's customs official. Vereschagin lives a lonely life as the only Russian, along with his wife, in a remote village. The walls of his house are covered with pictures of the military campaigns where he was awarded and wounded. The Civil War has left him without an official job and a place to go. He is a big man and a straightforward person with a tendency for alcoholism due to the nostalgia for his past. He has an arsenal of weapons that brings both conflicting parties (Sukhov and Abdullah's men) to his house at some point in the film. Initially neutral, he eventually takes the side of Sukhov.
This is the last role of Luspekaev. A World War II veteran and an experienced stage actor, he had his both feet amputated in the 1960s due to past injuries. Given the condition of Luspekaev, Motyl wrote a script for a man with crutches. Luspekaev refused, arguing that his character should appear not as a cripple, but as a strong person who died prematurely.[4] While filming, he walked on prosthetic legs and had to take regular rests due to pain. He died in 1970.[5][6]Spartak Mishulin as Sayid – a skilled man of few words. He seeks to revenge on Dhavdet, a Basmachi gang leader who killed his father, robbed his family and buried him in sand for a slow death; otherwise his motives and reactions are unclear and unexpected. For example, after Sukhov dug him out, Sayid, instead of thanking him, says "Why did you dig me out? There will be no rest while Dhavdet is alive". Sayid suddenly appears every now and then to help Sukhov against bandits, but when asked why, simply replies that he "has heard shooting",[7] giving an impression that he just seeks Dhavdet via any armed conflict nearby. His relationship with Sukhov is well described by the following dialogue:[8]

Sayid – Now, leave. You can't stay alone.
Sukhov – I can't. Abdullah will kill the wives.
 Sayid – Abdullah will kill you. These are his wives. In half an hour it will be too late. I must leave.
 Sukhov – I counted on you, Sayid.
Sayid – If I get killed, who will revenge on Dhavdet?As with Luspekaev, this was one of the first movie roles for Mishulin, who was previously active as a TV and stage actor.[9]Kakhi Kavsadze as Abdullah – a cunning Basmachi leader with no respect for human life. Both he and Sayid originate from poor families, and their fathers were friends. However, contrary to Sayid, Abdullah took the path of a bandit.[10]
Kavsadze, a Georgian by nationality, fit very well into the role of an Asian gang leader. However, he never rode a horse, while he was supposed to be a keen horse rider. He never rides in the film, and only sits on a horse, or even on the shoulders of an assistant.[9]Nikolai Godovikov as Petrukha – a young Red Army soldier. He attempts to date Gyulchatai aiming to build a family.
Coincidentally, Godovikov started dating Denisova (one of the actresses who played Gyulchatai) after filming.[4]Raisa Kurkina as Nastasia, Vereschagin's wife – a life partner of Vereschagin who takes care of the house and balances his mental instability.
Galina Luchai as Katerina Matveyevna, Sukhov's wife – she appears in the film only through Sukhov's dreams, to elaborate his character.
Abdullah's wives[11]Alla Limenes – Zarina
Tatyana Krichevskaya, Galina Dashevskaya and Galina Umpeleva as Dzhamilya
Zinaida Rakhmatova as Gyuzel
Svetlana Slivinskaya as Saida
Velta Chebotarenok (Deglav) as Khafiza
Tatyana Tkach as Zukhra
Lidiya Smirnova as Leila
 ? as Zulfia
Tamara Fedotova and Tatiana Denisova as Gyulchatai – the youngest and most curios wife of Abdullah. She is the only wife who interacts with the outsiders, that is Sukhov and Petrukha.
Most Abdullah's wives were portrayed by non-professional actors. As they wore burqas most of the time, they were often replaced by other women, and even by male soldiers from the military unit stationed nearby.[12] Motyl shot a few semi-nude scenes involving some of the wives for character development, but those scenes were cut by censors.[4]
Honorifics
The script makes use of different levels of honorifics in Russian language. All locals are known only by their first name. Vereschagin is called by his last name by strangers and by the first name by his wife. Sukhov is called by his last name, often with an addition of a symbolic title "Krasnoarmeets" (Red Army Soldier) or "Tovarish" (Comrade). Vereschagin initially also calls him Sukhov, but by the end of the film warms up to the less formal and more respectful "Fyodor Ivanovich"
Weapons used

Weaponry is explicitly used to characterize and develop the characters. Sayid is found barehanded in the beginning; he acquires all his weapons through the film and uses them skillfully. Sukhov gives him a knife, which Sayid later throws to kill an attacker. He shoots a carbine taken from a bandit, whom he strangled using rope as a lasso (while helping Sukhov).[7] His skills in riding are demonstrated when he jumps back first on a horse, while walking backwards, and rides away, sitting backwards on the horse and never turning his head away from the enemy.
Vereschagin, despite having an arsenal of weapons, fights barehanded, which accentuates his brute force and straightforwardness. Both Sukhov and Abdullah use handguns rather than rifles, as appropriate to their leading, officer-like positions. Sukhov carries a Nagant M1895 revolver, a personal gift from brigade commander M. N. Kovun,[7] whereas Abdullah uses a Mauser C96. To deal with the Abdullah's gang, Sukhov fetches and fixes a machine gun. Petrukha has a rifle that jams and never fires when needed.[8] Abdullah's gang members carry carbines and long knives characteristic of the time and region.
Development and script
The director, Vladimir Motyl, said such films as Stagecoach and High Noon influenced him and he has described the film as being a "cocktail" of both an adventurous Russian folktale and a western. Initially several directors, including Andrei Tarkovsky and Andrei Konchalovsky, were offered the film but they turned it down, Motyl claims,[14] for two main reasons. Firstly, Konchalovsky thought only American actors could pull off the part of a lead role in a western, and secondly the screenplay was considered weak.[15] Motyl also initially turned down the offer, but then found himself in a no-choice situation, as he would not be given any other film to direct.[12][14]
After the first version of the film was turned down by Mosfilm, Valentin Yezhov and Rustam Ibragimbekov were assigned to improve the script. Ibragimbekov was chosen by his nationality as an expert on the East, though in reality he was raised in Russia and never been in the region.[2] A war veteran told Yezhov a story of a harem abandoned by a Basmachi leader on a run, which became the pivot of the new script.[4][15] Further rewriting came from Motyl after he replaced Konchalovsky as director. Motyl completely reshaped and put forward the character of Vereschagin – all his dialogues, as well as about 60% of the entire script, were rewritten and improvised during the filming. Motyl also came up with the idea of revealing the Sukhov's personality through his dreams, in which he writes letters to his beloved wife. Those letters were composed by Mark Zakharov, a friend of Motyl.[14]
Years later, Konchalovsky praised the final script as a masterpiece.[2]
Filming
Sukhov's dream scenes were filmed first, near Luga, Leningrad Oblast, while the bulk of the film was shot on the western shore of the Caspian Sea near Makhachkala, Dagestan. The sand dune scenes were shot in the Karakum Desert near Mary, Turkmenistan, with the museum scenes filmed in the nearby ancient city of Merv.[16] The dune scenes were demanding for actors, who had to make large circles in the scorching heat to approach the shooting location without leaving telltale traces in the sand. However, most load fell on Mishulin, who spent in total several days in a box buried in sand while preparing for several takes of the opening scene.[4][17] The village buildings and the house of Vereschagin were temporal mockups that had to be regularly fixed due to damage by frequent winds.[14]
Horse riding scenes were performed by the special stuntmen unit that was formed for the War and Peace film series. Although it did not perform any stunts in this film, one member of the unit died in an accident during the filming. Some other accidents occurred due to the poor overall discipline and security. For example, a cut is seen on Vereschagin's face when he fights on the ship. This cut he received in a drunken brawl the day before. Also, some props have been stolen by local thieves one night. Security was improved after Motyl hired a local criminal leader for the role of an Abdullah's gang member.[4][15]
The film involved two dangerous stunts: one when an Abdullah's officer, supposedly thrown out by Vereschagin, breaks through a window with his back and falls on sand from the second floor. The other is when Sukhov jumps from an oil tank set on fire. Both stunts were performed by Valentin Faber.[9]
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to "White Sun of the Desert" is one of the most celebrated of Russian film.[citation needed] The score contains guitar music, balalaika and orchestral music. Many of the songs are inspired by the 1960s urban song culture of metropolitan Russia. These songs are often just a voice and guitar, with the music drawing on traditional Russian folk music.[18]
"Your Honor, Lady Luck", sung by Vereschagin accompanied by a guitar, is a musical motif in the film. The lyrics talk about loneliness, humanity’s dependence on luck, and hope for love. These lyrics mirror many of the film's central themes, including Vereschagin's sadness and Sukhov's separation from Katerina. The song was written by Okudzhava on personal request by Motyl, who worked with him in the past.[14]
Reception
"White Sun of the Desert" became one of the most popular movies of all time in Russia, where it has attained a cult status. It helped popularize Eastern movies.[18]
The film did not receive any rewards during the Soviet era. With 34.5 million viewers, it was one of the most popular films of 1970, but it lost the 1970 USSR State Prize to By The Lake. Only in 1998 it was awarded the state prize by president Boris Yeltsin, being recognized as culturally significant.[19]
The film received limited attention in the West. It was shown at a Soviet film festival at the little Carnegie Theatre in 1973, meant to tie in with Brezhnev's visit to the United States. Other than that, it was not largely released. Roger Greenspun, the New York Times movie critic, referred to it as "escapist entertainment".[20]
Legacy



 Monument of Sukhov in Donetsk
In 1998, the creators of the film were awarded the 1997 Russian Federation State Prize in Literature and Arts, nearly 30 years after the film left the silver screen.[19] A Russian computer game was released based on the film.[21] Vereschagin became a symbol of a customs officer, with monuments honoring him erected in Amvrosiivka (2001),[22] Kurgan (2007),[23] Moscow (2008)[5] and Luhansk (2011).[24] Monuments of Sukhov are known in Donetsk (ca. 2009) and Samara (2012)[25]
All crew members boarding Russian space flights are committed to watch "White Sun of the Desert" before the launch,[26][27][28] and the names of Abdullah's wives are assigned to several craters on Venus.[29][30]
In 2008, Rustam Ibragimbekov announced that he had begun production on a White Sun of the Desert TV spinoff entitled "White Sun of the Desert – Home".[31][32]
Popular quotes
Many popular sayings have entered the Russian language from the film. The first is by far the best known.
The East is a delicate matter (Восток — дело тонкое); refers to any complicated or difficult matter, not necessarily "eastern" in nature.
Are there questions? No, there aren't! (Вопросы есть? Вопросов нет!); refers to the commanding tone of an officer that will not hear objections to his command.
Customs gives the green light (Таможня дает добро!); refers to any type of approval, especially reluctant approval.
His grenades are of a wrong caliber (Да гранаты у него не той системы); refers to or to comment upon any kind of excuse, particularly a pathetic one. The line wasn't scripted, but improvised by the actor.
Gyulchatai, show your sweet face (Гюльчатай, открой личико); a popular Russian saying for boys to say to girls.
My heart bleeds for my country (Мне за державу обидно); used as defensive argument in disputes of any kind relation to the homeland.
I'm writing to you again, dear Katerina Matveyevna… (Обратно пишу вам, любезная Катерина Матвеевна…); used as a prelude to a letter humorously emphasizing its unusually high volume of detail or frequency of mail exchange.
Mahmud, set the fire (Махмуд, поджигай!); used when embarking cheerfully on some difficult potentially dangerous mission.
References
1.^ a b c Белое солнце пустыни. mosfilm.ru
2.^ a b c Zorkaya, N. M.«Белое солнце пустыни» — рейтинг зрителя. portal-slovo.ru
3.^ a b Yezhov and Ibragimbekov, p. 7
4.^ a b c d e f g елое солнце пустыни. yclop.com.ua
5.^ a b "В Москве будет установлен памятник таможеннику Верещагину из "Белого солнца пустыни". Newsru (2008-01-10).
6.^ Павел Луспекаев. Верещагин – свой среди своих. c-cafe.ru
7.^ a b c Yezhov and Ibragimbekov, p. 2
8.^ a b Yezhov and Ibragimbekov, p. 5
9.^ a b c Я не догадывался, что стал знаменитым... kino-teatr.ru (2006-05-08)
10.^ Yezhov and Ibragimbekov, p. 4
11.^ Белое солнце пустыни. kino-teatr.ru
12.^ a b За год до смерти Владимир Мотыль рассказал о своей непростой кинематографической судьбе. km.ru
13.^ Пулемет товарища Сухова. tainy.info
14.^ a b c d e "Владимир Мотыль interview" (in Russian). Retrieved 2007-01-23.
15.^ a b c Федор Раззаков: Гибель советского кино. Интриги и споры. 1918–1972, Эксмо, 2008, ISBN 978-5-699-26846-7
16.^ АНАТОЛИЙ КУЗНЕЦОВ: "БЕЛОЕ СОЛНЦЕ" МЕНЯ СОГРЕЛО И ОБОЖГЛО Trud (2005-12-30)
17.^ Как снимали «Белое солнце пустыни». smena.ru (2005-02-04); the heat during the shooting was such that chicken eggs could be cooked in sand within 10 minutes.
18.^ a b Gillespie, David (2003). "The Sounds of Music: Soundtrack and Song in Soviet Film". Slavic Review 62 (3): 477–478. JSTOR 3185802.
19.^ a b Владимир Мотыль: в кино нужна госполитика. Kommersant. №104 (1507) (1998-06-11)
20.^ Greenspun, Roger. "Screen: Simplicity Marks Soviet Films in Festival; Five Premieres Held at Little Carnegie Collective-Farm Tale Is Among Features." The New York Times (1973-06-23).
21.^ 1С:Коллекция игрушек "Белое солнце пустыни". zone-x.ru
22.^ ПАМЯТНИК ТЕМ, КОМУ ЗА ДЕРЖАВУ ОБИДНО. Trud (2001-08-23)
23.^ Курганские таможенники установили памятник Павлу Верещагину из «Белого солнца пустыни». vsesmi.ru (2007-08-07)
24.^ В Луганске открыли памятник Павлу Верещагину. podrobnosti.ua (2011-06-21)
25.^ Памятник товарищу Сухову из "Белого солнца пустыни" появился в Самаре. ria.ru (2012-12-07)
26.^ ESA – 50 years of humans in space – Gagarin's traditions – printer version. Esa.int. Retrieved on 2012-04-18.
27.^ "Kosmonavtika". Retrieved 2007-01-21. (Russian)
28.^ American space 'nerd' blasts off. BBC (2007-04-07)
29.^ ЧЕТЫРЕ СТОЛЕТИЯ АСТРОНОМИИ. galspace.spb.ru
30.^ Nomenclature Search Results. wr.usgs.gov
31.^ Katerina, Migulin. "РУСТАМ ИБРАГИМБЕКОВ: "ФИЛЬМ ЗАКОНЧИТСЯ ТЕМ, ЧТО СУХОВ НАЙДЕТ В ПЕСКАХ ГОЛОВУ САИДА"." Trud (2008-10-03)
32.^ Раскроют прошлое красноармейца Сухова. colta.ru (2008-09-25)
Bibliography
Yezhov, Valentin and Ibragimbekov, Rustam (2001) Белое солнце пустыни, Vagrius, ISBN 5-264-00694-6